Tuesday, March 9, 2021

BẢN ĐỒ KONTUM 6637-4:

Tuesday, January 29, 2019

March 1, 1971 ARVN survivors from Laos

Lam Sơn 719

Friday, November 23, 2012

BOEING-SIKORSKY RAH-66 COMANCHE STEALTH HELICOPTER

The Comanche RAH-66 reconnaissance and attack helicopter was being developed by Boeing and Sikorsky for the US Army. The first flight of the Comanche took place on 4 January 1996. The programme entered engineering and manufacturing development (EMD) in June 2000, which required the construction of nine aircraft in addition to the two prototypes by 2006.
Critical design review of the overall weapon system was completed in June 2003 and was to be followed by low rate initial production of 78 helicopters in three batches in 2007.
In February 2004, the US Army cancelled further research, development and planned purchases of the RAH-66 Comanche stealth helicopter. It believed that the helicopter would not meet the requirements of changing operational environments.

An amendment to congress was submitted for the 2005 budget request that allowed the army to terminate the Comanche programme and reallocate funds to restructure army aviation programmes. The army planned to buy approximately 800 more aircraft and upgrade another 400 with the diverted Comanche funds.
The armed reconnaissance block I version was scheduled for initial operating capability in 2009 and heavy attack block II version in 2011. The US Army requirement was for 650 Comanche helicopters.

"The Comanche RAH-66 reconnaissance and attack helicopter was being developed for the US Army."

Production of the Comanche would have taken place at Sikorsky's site in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Boeing was to be responsible for manufacturing and assembling the composite tail section and rotor blades and Sikorsky for manufacture of the main fuselage and gearbox and for integration and final assembly of the airframe.
In an armed reconnaissance mission, Comanche could recognise and identify targets and digitally transmit the information to the battlefield commander in near real-time, select the optimum force deployment and coordinate the attack.

Comanche design

The airframe was crashworthy and ballistically tolerant to 23mm gunfire. The radar cross section has been minimised, primarily by the precisely shaped fuselage and internal weapons configuration.
The helicopter had a composite five-bladed bearingless main rotor and an enclosed composite fantail tailrotor for increased anti-torque capability. The rear rotor was able to withstand impact by 12.7mm rounds and provided a 180° turn in 4.7 seconds in hover mode and an 80kt snap-turn-to-target in 4.5 seconds.
Cockpit
The Comanche had two identical cockpits for the pilot and the co-pilot, which were sealed and had a positive pressure air system for protection against chemical and biological warfare. The fly-by-wire flight control system was triple redundant.

"In 2004, the
US Army cancelled the RAH-66 Comanche helicopter programme."

The cockpit was fitted with a pilot's night-vision system from Lockheed Martin and the pilots had a wide field of view (35° × 52°) Kaiser Electronics helmet-integrated display sighting system (HIDSS). HIDSS employed active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) technology. The targets were designated and the weapons fired from collective and sidestick control push buttons.
Each integrated cockpit had Harris Corp flat screen liquid crystal displays, a colour display for a digital moving map system, tactical situation and night operation display.
Northrop Grumman provided the Comanche's integrated communications, navigation and identification (CNI) suite. The CNI suite will feature secure multiwave, multiband multimode wireless communications, link 16, satellite communications and enhanced position locating reporting system (EPLRS) via the tactical internet.

Weapons

The Comanche carried its weapons internally and had a weapons bay on each side of the fuselage. The missiles are mounted on the weapon bay doors which open sideways. The internal weapon bay could be fitted with Stinger, Starstreak or Mistral air-to-air missiles; TOW II, Hot II or Longbow Hellfire air-to-ground missiles; Sura D 81mm, Snora 81mm, Hydra 70 rockets; or the army counter air weapon system.
The number of missiles on each door mounting varied, for example each door could hold three Hellfire or six Stinger missiles. The helicopter could be reconfigured with optional stub wings fitted with multiple weapon pylons which carried an additional four Hellfire or eight Stinger missiles.
The Comanche was equipped with a turreted gun system from General Dynamics Armament Systems. The stowable externally powered three-barrel 20mm Gatling gun was capable of firing 750 or 1,500 rounds a minute. The gun was mounted on a Giat composite turret (weighing 127kg) under the nose of the helicopter. The 500 round ammunition supply system could be reloaded in less than eight minutes by two crew members.
Countermeasures
The helicopter countermeasures suite included an AN/AVR-2A(V) advanced laser warning receiver from Goodrich Electro-Optical Systems (formerly Raytheon) of Danbury, Connecticut, and the ITT AN/ALQ-211 SIRCM (suite of integrated radio frequency countermeasures) suite, as well as infrared jammers.

"The Comanche was equipped with two T-800-LHT-801 turboshaft engines."

Fire control and observation
The Comanche was equipped with a suite of passive sensors and a computer-aided Northrop Grumman mission planning system, which carried out sensor data fusion, high-speed analysis and correlation of the sensor data. Northrop Grumman TASS (target acquisition system software) functions included automatic target tracking and target threat management.
The analysed data was presented to the crew in the cockpit displays or transmitted to other elements of the force, providing direct relay of near real time intelligence.
Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control has developed the EOSS (electro-optics sensor system) which comprised: EOTADS target acquisition and designation system, including solid-state TV sensor, two-colour laser rangefinder / designator and second-generation focal plane array long-wave FLIR (forward-looking infrared); and NVPS night-vision pilotage system with a second FLIR. The first complete EOSS system was delivered in June 2003.
The Comanche was fitted with a fire control radar (based on the Longbow millimetre wave radar on the AH-64D Apache helicopter), developed by Northrop Grumman Land Combat Systems and Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control.
Navigation and communications
The helicopter had a global positioning system, a radar altimeter and an attitude heading reference system (AHRS) from Northrop Grumman (formerly Litton).
It was equipped with an identification friend or foe (IFF) interrogator and a dual jam resistant VHF-FM / UHF-AM Have Quick tactical communications system.
Engines
The Comanche was equipped with two T-800-LHT-801 turboshaft engines from LHTec with a maximum rated power of 1,432shp each. The internal fuel capacity of the helicopter was 1,142l.

General characteristics

Crew: 2
Length: 46.85 ft (14.28 m)
Rotor diameter: 39.04 ft (11.90 m)
Height: 11.06 ft (3.37 m)
Disc area: 1,197 ft² (111 m²)
Empty weight: 9,300 lb (4,218 kg)
Loaded weight: 12,349 lb (5,601 kg)
Useful load: 5,062 lb (2,296 kg)
Max. takeoff weight: 17,408 lb (7,896 kg)
Powerplant: 2 × LHTEC T800-LHT-801 turboshaft, 1,563 hp (1,165 kW) each
Fuselage length: 43.31 ft (13.20 m)
Rotor systems: 5 blades on main rotor

Performance

Maximum speed: 175 knots (201 mph, 324 km/h)
Cruise speed: 165 knots (190 mph, 306 km/h)
Range: 262 nmi (302 mi, 485 km) on internal fuel
Combat radius: 150 nmi (173 mi, 278 km) on internal fuel
Ferry range: 1,200 nmi (1,380 mi, 2,220 km)
Endurance: 2.5 hr
Service ceiling: 14,980 ft (4,566 m)
Rate of climb: 895 ft/min (4.55 m/s)

Armament

1× 20 mm XM301 three-barrel cannon mounted in a Turreted Gun System (500 round capacity)
Internal bays: 6× AGM-114 Hellfire air-to-ground missiles, or 6× AIM-92 Stinger air-to-air missiles, or 24× Hydra 70 2.75 in (70 mm) air-to-ground rockets
Optional stub wings: 8× Hellfires, 16× Stingers, or 56× Hydra 70 rockets

Thursday, November 15, 2012

Heat Harvesting Marine "Robot" Glider

...Gliding underwater vehicles Là loại tàu lượn dưới đáy biển du hành xuyên đại dương theo đường răng cưa, nổi lên mặt nước liên tục để điều chỉnh vị trí qua một hệ thống định vị toàn cầu GPS và liên lạc với một phòng điều khiển trên bờ qua vệ tinh Iridium.

Loại tàu ngầm chạy bằng độ ấm nước biển này lợi dụng sự chênh lệch nhiệt độ của bề mặt ấm và đáy biển lạnh để di chuyển. Sức ấm của nước biển làm tan chảy các ống sáp trong hệ thống. Sáp ấm sẽ dãn nỡ biến nhiệt năng thành cơ năng dùng chứa trong một bình gas dùng để kéo một thùng dầu vào trong khoang tàu làm nước biển tràn vào... do đó thay đổi tỷ trọng của tàu làm cho nó chìm hay nổi. Tại đáy biển lạnh làm các ống sáp đông cứng và co lại, đã đẩy thúng dầu ra ngoài kéo theo một lượng nước biển... tàu nhẹ sẽ nổi lên.

Nếu một tàu cá Nhật Bản tưởng lầm con tàu lượn này là nguyên liệu của món Sushi, hoặc nó vướng nhằm lưới, thì hệ thống định vị GPS sẽ giúp các nhà nghiên cứu tìm ra vị trí mà đem cái món đồ chơi đắt tiền này về.